Finally, song attributes displayed strong effects: Number One songs with relatively long duration and with extended instrumental passages were both musically diverse. Song attributes. I measured the length of each sample song by duration in minutes. Fifth, I followed the recommendation of Peterson and Berger (1975, 1996) and credited a record firm with a hit song when it owned or distributed the label on which a given hit was released. Independent. 온라인카지노 coded whether each sample song was released by an independent firm. I used this information to create the variable, "Relative Song Length." In particular, I created a Z-score that showed how the duration of each song deviated from the average for its five-year period (e.g., 1955 to 1960). By attending to "relative" length, this variable was not plagued by the general trend whereby the absolute duration of Number One songs increased across the time frame of this study. I created an additional variable that detailed the control that each sample act had over the recording process. First, net of concentration, two non-musical factors had strong effects: songs that were Number One for a brief time were musically diverse, and autonomous performers created musically diverse songs. Second, net of other factors, two non-musical factors had no effect: neither new performers nor independents released Number One songs that were musically diverse.

New and established performers. It is useless to take risks and you could lose everything after an unlucky round. Walking is one of the best forms of exercise, and we should all take 10,000 steps a day. Every day there are bettors looking for the best online betting sites in Kenya and, as a Kenya resident, you have come to the right place. As you’re more than likely to be doing your first bet online the “Bookmaker” is basically the website you select to place your bet on. The downside is this endeavor gets expensive quick, so if you have your eye on something you’re likely to spend close to $100 or more. Both new models have more memory and faster processors, along with a new 12MP camera. Thus, the EGLS models that follow offer statistically unbiased estimates and valid significance tests (Gujarati 1995; Neter et al. Table 3 contains the models by which I tested Hypotheses 1 through 9. Due to missing information, five of the sample songs were excluded from the analysis. Siamese Fighting Fish (Betta splendens), once common in the Thale Noi Non-Hunting Area are facing declining populations due to habitat destruction from land conversion, pollution and over-exploitation in the pet trade.

The International Cat membership describes the enlightened Siamese as affectionate, social, intelligent, and playful into adulthood, often enjoying a game of fetch. The majority of all on the web bingo websites give ninety ball bingo game titles. On the other hand, betting on Chicago Cubs means you have to bet $100 would give you $120 winnings. The winnings should be added to the bank roll (therefore increasing your bets) and the losses subtracted. The odds for teaser bets can be different each time, so it is a good plan to always check the sports book before placing your bet. However, a certain version of roulette can offer huge progressive payouts. Live Streaming: Betfair and Betdaq both offer live horse racing streams provided by ATR and RUK which you can watch for free provided you have placed a bet on the market. There are two options for you while playing online slots: either you can play for fun or money. For more information visit the official Money Maker Machine website! In fact it is true these days that lots of men and women are becoming more and more centered to present day devices to appeal to their wordly demands. The higher the total deviation for a song, the relatively more dissimilar is that song from other songs in the same period.

For the uninitiated, these are the same chords that were featured prominently in "Louie, Louie," "Wild Thing," "Tom Dooley," "Good Loving," and "Heartbreak Hotel." As Table 2 indicates, early Number One songs did not deviate very far from these three chords. There are two issues to consider when viewing this table. From a general aspect, there is no perfect betting site, since the betting needs vary from one individual to the other. Equation (2) shows that only one non-musical factor is related to musical diversity. In results not reported here, I examined the possibility that the positive effect of concentration on diversity did not materialize until the early 1980s (see Burnett 1992; Lopes 1992). I found no support for such an effect. The results also extend the market-diversity literature in several ways. To demonstrate my claim, I turned to a literature that examines the diversity of popular music. Equation (2) considers the impact of non-musical factors on musical diversity (Hypotheses 3 through 5). Past contributors to the market-diversity literature have assumed that these factors tap the diversity of popular music. This is consistent with other studies that likewise find creative autonomy has an impact on content (see Becker 1982; Rosenblum 1978). Regarding song attributes, Equation (3) shows that musical diversity varied among Number One songs; the most musically diverse songs were those with relatively long duration and those with extensive instrumental passages.

2) the negative impact of concentration on diversity. During the era of decentralized production, musical diversity thrived in the presence of high concentration. This automatically sets high standards. What will US troops with the Syrian oil fields that Trump seems to think are of high value (which they are not)? Thus, "Anything for You" earns a high dissimilarity score because its Cubano-based stylings make it different from other songs on many musical dimensions. Second, musical dissimilarity does not necessarily correspond to lyrical dissimilarity. First, I tallied each of the 19,188 hit songs found on the Billboard charts from 1955 to 1990. Second, I noted the record label for each of these mainstream hits. Second, "Years as Performer" is a continuous variable that gauges the elapsed time between an act's first hit record and its given Number One record. The result was "Performer Autonomy" variable - a dummy variable where "1" indicates that the performing act was either the sole composer, the sole producer, or the owner of the label on which the song was released and "0" indicated that the performing act did not enjoy such controls. Songs released by independents were less musically diverse than those released by majors.

This contradicts Hypothesis 4 and supports the counter-hypothesis (Hyp.6) that independents provided the raw and prototypical styles that majors later elaborated (Anderson et al. Equation (1) supports the open system account and contradicts the cyclical account. 1), whereas open system proponents argued that decentralized production eliminates (Hyp. Results of the quantitative analysis strongly support the open system account. The latter two were ignored in the subsequent analysis. In the analysis that follows, I rely on "estimated generalized least squares" (EGLS) regression, for preliminary analysis revealed autocorrelation among my data. EGLS regression is an attractive method because it compensates for autocorrelation and because it yields output that is identical to that of OLS regression (for a detailed summary, see Gujarati 1995). Standard diagnostic tests revealed that the following EGLS models adequately addressed the issue of autocorrelation. Third, I calculated Z-scores to see how far a song deviated from its period average on each of these twenty-nine elements. The resulting variable, "Proportion of Song Devoted to Instrumentals," does not count the introduction as "instrumental" because that is tapped by a measure used in the dissimilarity index (see Appendix).